Method for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammation

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method of detecting an inflammation site in an individual by administering to the individual a diagnostically effective amount of detectably labeled immunoglobulin or fragment thereof, wherein the immunoglobulin substantially accumulates at the site when the site is inflamed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.819,585, filed January 16, 1986, now abandoned, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is directed to methods of diagnosing inflammation sitesin an individual.

2. Description of the Background Art

Inflammation occurs as a consequence of tissue damage. This tissuedamage can result from microbial invasion, auto-immune processes, tissueinfection, allograft rejection, or such hurtful or destructive externalinfluences as heat, cold, radiant energy, electrical or chemicalstimuli, or mechanical trauma. Whatever the cause or bodily site, theinflammatory response is quite similar, consisting of a complicated setof functional and cellular adjustments, involving the microcirculation,fluid shifts, and inflammatory cells (leukocytes). When tissue damageoccurs, soluble chemical substances are elaborated which initiate theinflammatory response. The inflammatory response consists of a complexseries of events which may be summarized as:

1. A local increase in bloodflow, with capillary dilatation andincreased permeability to the fluid components of the blood;

2. A localized exudation of fluid at the site of injury, including theproteins of the plasma that normally leave the capillaries at arelatively low rate;

3. The exudation of leukocytes from the capillaries into theinflammation site. This exudate initially consists primarily ofpolymorphonuclear leukocytes, followed by monocytes, lymphocytes, andplasma cells. These leukocytes produce a variety of mediators thatcontrol the extent and duration of the inflammatory response, and have aseries of receptors on their surfaces available to react to the host ofchemical mediators and proteins that are part of the inflammatory fluid.Such leukocyte receptor-mediator or protein interactions are importantin controlling leukocyte function within the inflammatory site.

The identification and characterization of the sites of inflammation arean important part of medical and veterinary practice. In the case ofinfectious causes of inflammation, it is frequently necessary to searchfor "hidden sites of inflammation" in individuals who present withclinical syndromes no more specific than fever and weight loss.Similarly, in patients with auto-immune disease such as rheumatoidarthritis or allograft rejection as causes of inflammation,identification of the site(s) and extent of inflammation and its changeswith therapy are an important part of medical and veterinary practice.Not surprisingly, then, much effort has been expended and manytechniques developed in an attempt to assess the site(s) and extent ofthe inflammatory process. These techniques include conventional x-raytechniques, computerized axial tomographic scanning (CAT scanning), anda variety of radionuclide scans. (Sutton, A Textbook of Radiology andImaging, 3rd Ed., Churchill Livingston, 1980; Clinical Nuclear Medicine,Maysey et al., ed., W. B. Sanders, 1983.) Examples of radionuclide scanswhich have been utilized are:

1. ⁶⁷ Gallium, which when injected into an animal or a human binds tothe plasma protein transferrin and tends to localize at sites of chronicinflammation.

2. ¹¹¹ Indium labeled endogenous granulocytes, which when re-injectedinto the host will tend to accumulate at the site of inflammation; and

3. Radiolabeled chelates which pass into the extracellular fluid and canpossibly then accumulate at such sites of fluid accumulation as thoseassociated with inflammation;

4. Thallium scan or so-called first pass radionuclide angiogram toassess areas of increased blood flow.

All of these techniques, on occasion, may provide useful information,but are not adequate because of both false positive and false negativeresults. A more sensitive and specific means of delineating theanatomical localization of sites of inflammation, particularly one thatcould be performed serially to assess the response to therapy, isgreatly to be desired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a substantially non-invasive method ofdiagnosing sites of inflammation.

The present inventors have discovered that when immunoglobulins areallowed to contact both inflamed and non-inflamed sites in anindividual, they tend to accumulate at the inflamed sites. Further, itwas surprisingly discovered that the accumulation at the site ofinflammation is not dependent upon the epitopic specificity of theimmunoglobulins used. This effect, the concentration of immunoglobulinat the site of inflammation and its use in diagnostic imaging, has notbeen previously recognized. In other words, non-specific immunoglobulinsor mixtures thereof can be used.

The present invention thus relates to an in vivo method of detecting aninflammation site in an individual. This method comprises administeringto the individual a detectably labeled immunoglobulin or fragmentthereof, wherein the immunoglobulin substantially accumulates at thesite when the site is inflamed. Preferably, the immunoglobulin does notsubstantially accumulate at the site when the site is not inflamed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1D: Imaging of inflammation with radiolabeled preparations.

Comparative imaging results of three animals with inflammation due toinjection of viable bacteria in the left thigh. Each animal was injectedwith a mixture of three radiolabeled preparations and imaged at varioustimes.

FIGS. 2A-2D: Imaging of inflammation with radiolabeled preparations.

Comparative imaging results of three animals with inflammation due toinjection of viable bacteria in the left thigh. Each animal was injectedwith a mixture of three radiolabeled preparations and imaged at varioustimes.

FIG. 3: Imaging of inflammation with non-specific murine immunoglobulin.

This figure shows the kinetics of radiolabeled immunoglobulin in twoanimals with inflammatory sites in the left thigh due to injection ofviable bacteria. Although the inflammation site is clearly detectable at24 and 48 hours post-injection, the site is no longer detected by 160hours postinjection.

FIG. 4: Imaging of inflammation in human patient.

Immunoglobulin scan of human patient showing localization of mycoticaneurysm in femoral graft.

FIGS. 5A-5B: Imaging of inflammation in human patient.

Immunoglobulin scan of human patient indicating a diverticular abscess.

FIGS. 6A-6B: Imaging of inflammation in human patient.

Immunoglobulin scans pre- and post-treatment of human patient withenteritis demonstrating the absence of inflammation after treatment.

FIGS. 7A-7C: Imaging of inflammation in human patient.

Diagnosis of site of inflammation in groin of human patient byradiolabeled immunoglobulin imaging technique.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The terms "inflammation" or "inflamed site" are used to denoteconditions occurring in an individual due to tissue damage, regardlessof the underlying cause or etiology. The concept is more fully describedabove in the Background Art.

The term "individual" is meant to include both animals and humans.

The immunoglobulins of the invention can be either polyclonally ormonoclonally derived, the important factor being that the epitopicspecificity of the immunoglobulin used is irrelevant to enable it tolocalize at the inflammation site.

Polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations can be derived directly from theblood of the desired animal species. Thus, in the case of humans,polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations can be prepared from outdatedunits of blood utilizing protocols known or readily ascertainable tothose of ordinary skill of the art. Such products are commerciallyavailable (Sandoz Limited; Cutter Laboratories) and are conventionallyused in the treatment of immunodeficiency states, but not in diagnosis.In addition, if desired, polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations may beprepared from the blood of immunized individuals of the desired speciesfollowing immunization with any of a variety of antigens followed byharvesting of the blood and processing it according to definedtechniques. A distinctive advantage of non-specific, polyclonalimmunoglobulin preparations is that by preparing immunoglobulin from thesame species into which it will be injected, immune reactions acrossspecies barriers are prevented and repeated injections of the sameproduct are less likely to cause side-effects. It should be emphasizedthat crossspecies injections can be done. However, their use mightincrease the incidence of untoward reactions such as anaphylacticreactions, febrile reactions, and/or the generation of an immuneresponse to the foreign immunoglobulin protein that will block itseffective use, as well as endanger the health of the patient. Theavoidance of such reactions adds greatly to the appeal of using animmunoglobulin preparation which is from the same species as that beingdiagnosed.

The nature of the immunoglobulins used is such that they need not haveepitopic specificity for the inflamed site, but they neverthelessaccumulate substantially at the inflamed site. Thus, immunoglobulin,having essentially any epitopic specificity, will work in the invention.

Monoclonal immunoglobulins which can be used according to the method ofthe invention can be prepared using hybridoma fusion techniques (Kohleret al., European Journal of Immunology 6:292, 1976) or can be derivedfrom known secreting myeloma cell lines such as those available fromdepositories such as the American Type Culture Collection. As with thepolyclonal immunoglobulin preparation, no antigenic or epitopicspecificity is needed for the monoclonal immunoglobulin preparation tofunction effectively in this method. As a consequence, monoclonals ofany specificity can be used.

In detecting an in vivo inflammation site in an individual, thedetectably labeled immunoglobulin is advantageously given in a dosewhich is diagnostically effective. The term "diagnostically effective"means that the amount of detectably labeled immunoglobulin administeredis sufficient to enable detection of the site of inflammation whencompared to the background signal.

Generally, the dosage of detectably labeled immunoglobulin for diagnosiswill vary depending on considerations such as age, condition, sex, andextent of disease in the patient, counterindications, if any, and othervariables, to be adjusted by the individual physician. Dosage can varyfrom 0.01 mg/kg to 2,000 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 mg/kg to 1,000 mg/kg.

The term "immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof" as used in thisinvention is meant to include intact molecules as well as fragmentsthereof, such as, for example, the Fc fragment, which is capable ofaccumulating at the site of inflammation.

Similarly, the term "Fc portion or part thereof" as used in thisinvention is meant to include intact Fc fragments as well as portions ofthe Fc fragment capable of accumulating at the site of inflammation.

The term "diagnostically labeled" means that the immunoglobulin hasattached to it a diagnostically detectable label.

There are many different labels and methods of labeling known to thoseof ordinary skill in the art. Examples of the types of labels which canbe used in the present invention include radioactive isotopes andparamagnetic isotopes. Those of ordinary skill in the art will know ofother suitable labels for binding to the immunoglobulins used in theinvention, or will be able to ascertain such, using routineexperimentation. Furthermore, the binding of these labels to theimmunoglobulin can be done using standard techniques common to those ofordinary skill in the art.

For diagnostic in vivo imaging, the type of detection instrumentavailable is a major factor in selecting a given radionuclide. Theradionuclide chosen must have a type of decay which is detectable for agiven type of instrument. In general, any conventional method forvisualizing diagnostic imaging can be utilized in accordance with thisinvention.

Another important factor in selecting a radionuclide for in vivodiagnosis is that the half-life of a radionuclide be long enough so thatit is still detectable at the time of maximum uptake by the target, butshort enough so that deleterious radiation upon the host is minimized.Ideally, a radionuclide used for in vivo imaging will lack a particulateemission, but produce a large number of photons in a 140-200 keV range,which may be readily detected by conventional gamma cameras.

For in vivo diagnosis, radionuclides may be bound to immunoglobulineither directly or indirectly by using an intermediary functional group.Intermediary functional groups which are often used to bindradioisotopes which exist as metallic ions to immunoglobulins arediethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and ethylenediaminetetraceticacid (EDTA). Typical examples of metallic ions which can be bound toimmunoglobulins are ^(99m) Tc, ¹²³ I, ¹¹¹ In, ¹³¹ I, ⁹⁷ Ru, ⁶⁷ Cu, ⁶⁷Ga, ¹²⁵ I, ⁶⁸ Ga, ⁷² As, ⁸⁹ Zr, and ²⁰¹ Tl.

The immunoglobulins used in the method of the invention can also belabeled with paramagnetic isotypes for purposes of in vivo diagnosis.Elements which are particularly useful (as in Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) techniques) in this manner include ¹⁵⁷ Gd, ⁵⁵ Mn, ¹⁶² Dy, ⁵² Cr,and ⁵⁶ Fe.

Alternatively, the method of the invention can be used to monitor thecourse of inflammation in an individual. Thus, by measuring the increaseor decrease in the size or number of inflammatory sites it would bepossible to determine whether a particular therapeutic regimen aimed atameliorating the cause of the inflammatory process, or the inflammatoryprocess itself, is effective.

Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for diagnosing thespecific underlying cause of the inflammation at the site. In thismethod an individual suspected of having an inflammatory site is firstadministered a diagnostically effective amount of immunoglobulin, aspreviously described. This detectably labeled immunoglobulin may be ofthe same or different species as the individual to which it is beingadministered. The individual suspected of having an inflammatory site isthen imaged to determine the presence of a site of inflammation. If theindividual is found to have an inflammatory site, the individual is thengiven an antibody preparation(s) specific for the underlying cause ofthe inflammation which is suspected. This specific antibody can be froman individual of the same, or a different, species to that of theindividual having the inflammatory site. After determining the specificcause of the inflammatory site it is then possible to administer atherapeutic agent, such as therapeutically labeled antibody specific forthe underlying cause of the inflammatory process at the inflammationsite.

There are distinct advantages to this embodiment of the invention,utilizing the sequential use of non-specific immunoglobulin from anindividual of the same species as that suspected of having theinflammatory site, followed by the administration of specific antibodyto define and identify the nature of the underlying cause of theinflammatory response. The potential advantages of this sequentialstrategy include the following:

1. The immunoglobulin preparation used to determine whether anyinflammation at all is present is non-sensitizing to the recipientindividual since it is from an individual of the same species. Thus,there is little in the way of an adverse allergic or immunologicreaction by the recipient to the immunoglobulin preparation.

2. If the inflammation is not found with the immunoglobulin preparationof 1. above, it is not necessary to administer the detectably labeledspecific antibody. Thus, in the situation where detectably labeledspecific antibody is unavailable from an individual of the same speciesas that of the recipient, the recipient will not be exposed topotentially sensitizing amounts of foreign antibody protein. At present,specific antibodies, particularly monoclonal antibodies, are chiefly ofmurine origin and, thus, may possibly excite an adverse immunologicresponse in a non-murine recipient. Such adverse immunologic responseslimit the number of times a given recipient individual can be exposed toa specific antibody preparation from a different species. Therefore,exposure to such specific antibody of a different species should berestricted to situations of maximum clinical benefit.

The term "therapeutically conjugated" means that a specific antibodyused in the just-described preferred method of the invention isconjugated to a therapeutic agent. The therapeutic agents used in thismatter act directly upon the underlying cause of the inflammation.Examples of therapeutic agents which can be coupled to the specificantibodies used according to the method of the invention are drugs,radioisotopes, lectins, toxins, and antimicrobials.

Lectins are proteins, usually isolated from plant material, which bindto specific sugar moieties. Many lectins are also able to agglutinatecells and stimulate lymphocytes. Ricin is a toxic lectin which has beenused immunotherapeutically. This is accomplished by binding thealpha-peptide chain of ricin, which is responsible for toxicity, to theantibody molecule to enable site-specific delivery of the toxic effect.

Toxins are poisonous substances produced by plants, animals, ormicroorganisms that, in sufficient dose, are often lethal. Diphtheriatoxin is a protein produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This toxinconsists of an alpha and beta subunit which, under proper conditions,can be separated. The toxic component can be bound to antibody and usedfor site-specific delivery to the primary underlying cause of theinflammatory response.

Examples of radioisotopes which can be bound to specific antibody fortherapeutic purposes, used according to the method of the invention, are¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹ I, ⁹⁰ Y, ⁶⁷ Cu, ²¹⁷ Bi, ²¹¹ At, ²¹² Pb, ⁴⁷ Sc, and ¹⁰⁹ Pd.

Anti-microbials are substances which inhibit such infectiousmicroorganisms as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Theseanti-microbials can be any of those known to those of ordinary skill inthe art.

Other therapeutic agents which can be coupled to specific antibodiesused according to the method of the invention are known, or can beeasily ascertained, by those of ordinary skill in the art.

Preparations of the imaging immunoglobulins for parenteraladministration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions,suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents arepropyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, vegetable oil such as olive oil,and injectable organic esters such as ethyloleate. Aqueous carriersinclude water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions,including saline and buffered media, parenteral vehicles includingsodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodiumchloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles includefluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, such as thosebased on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and otheradditives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials,anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like. See,generally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 16th ed., Mac Eds, 1980.

This invention can be utilized to delineate inflammation at a widevariety of body sites and to diagnose inflammation resulting from avariety of causes such as, but not limited to, infections withparasites, microbes, viruses or fungi; trauma; autoimmune processes; ortumors. The invention is also useful as a means to evaluate the efficacyof, and responses to, therapeutic treatment of inflammation. Thediversity of body sites at which inflammation may be identified areexemplified by, but not limited to, muscle, vascular walls, abdomen,groin, and other organ sites.

The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A morecomplete understanding can be obtained by reference to the followingspecific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustrationonly, and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1 IMAGING OF INFLAMMATION WITH RADIOLABELED PREPARATIONS

Deep thigh inflammation was created in 250 gm Sprague-Dawley rats by theinjection of 10⁸ viable E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonasaeruginosa suspended in 0.1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. Twenty-fourhours later, at a time when each animal had clearly evident inflammationof the thigh, each animal was injected via the tail vein with 65 ug of acommercially available, intravenous, polyclonal human immunoglobulinpreparation (Sandoglobulin®) labeled with 100 uCi of ¹²⁵ I (Iodogen®,Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Il.); 100 uCi of ⁶⁷ Ga; and 65 ug ofhuman albumen labeled with 100 uCi of ^(99m) Te. Thus, each animal wasinjected with three different isotopes, enabling three differentapproaches to inflammation imaging to the same animal via a gammacounter. Following injections of these various agents, images wereobtained at 1, 3, 19, and 24 hours. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate tworepresentative experiments involving three animals in each experiment.Note that the same three animals were imaged at each time point. Theseimages show that there was essentially no imaging of the inflammatorylesion with ⁶⁷ Ga (considered the standard inflammatory scanningtechnique); minimal transient imaging with the ^(99m) Tc labeledalbumen; but obvious, increasing visualization of the site ofinflammation with the ¹²⁵ I-labeled polyclonal human immunoglobulinpreparation.

In addition to imaging, radioactive counts and count densities weredetermined over the inflamed site and the non-inflamed contralateralthigh for each isotope at each of the time points of imaging. Thesevalues are expressed in Tables 1 and 2 (which correspond to FIGS. 1 and2, respectively). The same results were observed quantitatively: atransient accumulation at the site of inflammation with albumen; minimalif any accumulation with gallium; and a more sustained, increasingaccumulation of labeled immunoglobulin.

                  TABLE 1*                                                        ______________________________________                                                             .sup.125 I-Immuno-                                       Animal/Time                                                                             Gallium-67 globulin   .sup.99m Tc-Albumin                           ______________________________________                                        #1/1 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            740/10     1401/19    1676/23                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          372/18     670/15     626/14                                        #1/3 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            650/8      1599/20    1200/15                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          263/4      541/8      310/5                                         #1/19 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            352/4      2443/32    887/11                                        uninflamed leg                                                                          216/3      520/8      302/4                                         #1/24 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            491/4      3507/33    580/7 -uninflamed leg 192/2 420/6 213/3       #2/1 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            619/6      1890/20    1195/20                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          544/6      755/9      499/9                                         #2/3 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            896/11     1985/25    1440/18                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          365/15     481/6      328/4                                         #2/19 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            1004/5     6509/35    1286/14                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          454/5      851/9      583/9                                         #2/24 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            772/5      5130/39    819/7                                         uninflamed leg                                                                          275/2      551/5      301/4                                         #3/1 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            683/7      1791/19    2054/23                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          370/5      438/6      758/10                                        #3/3 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            831/11     1792/24    1195/16                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          238/4      319/5      273/5                                         #3/19 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            677/5      4491/35    1014/12                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          307/3      638/7      341/3                                         #3/24 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            754/5      4148/28    897/8                                         uninflamed leg                                                                          232/3      503/6      240/3                                         ______________________________________                                         *Data expressed as counts in area of interest (numerator)/count density i     counts/pixel (denominator).                                              

                  TABLE 2*                                                        ______________________________________                                                             .sup.125 I-Immuno-                                       Animal/Time                                                                             Gallium-67 globulin   .sup.99m Tc-Albumin                           ______________________________________                                        #4/1 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            937/12     2085/27    2051/27                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          290/6      633/12     599/13                                        #4/3 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            868/11     3032/41    1853/25                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          369/11     696/10     434/6                                         #4/19 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            567/4      4576/39    1208/13                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          286/4      603/9      406/6                                         #4/24 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            638/5      4437/36    980/7                                         uninflamed leg                                                                          249/3      1262/13    385/4                                         #5/1 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            800/12     1580/24    1556/24                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          621/7      935/10     891/10                                        #5/3 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            1025/12    2257/28    1388/17                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          282/6      575/13     357/8                                         #5/19 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            730/6      4268/30    1300/11                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          308/3      656/7      389/4                                         #5/24 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            723/6      3226/29    755/6                                         uninflamed leg                                                                          345/4      668/8      280/3                                         #6/1 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            1315/14    2658/29    2519/28                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          226/3      369/6      385/6                                         #6/3 hr                                                                       inflamed leg                                                                            1245/12    3640/36    2353/23                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          301/5      507/8      371/6                                         #6/19 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            609/6      8161/52    1431/17                                       uninflamed leg                                                                          205/2      282/3      294/4                                         #6/24 hr                                                                      inflamed leg                                                                            702/5      7354/50    749/9                                         uninflamed leg                                                                          287/4      455/6      215/3                                         ______________________________________                                         *Data expressed as counts in area of interest (numerator)/count density i     counts/pixel (denominator).                                              

EXAMPLE 2

In other experiments, carried out as in Example 1, ¹¹¹ In coupled to thehuman polyclonal immunoglobulin instead of ¹²⁵ I, yielded excellentimages that were brighter and appeared more promptly than did the ¹²⁵I-labeled material. This shows that the imaging method is not restrictedto a single label.

EXAMPLE 3

A "dose-response" experiment was carried out utilizing ¹²⁵ I-labeledpolyclonal human immunoglobulin, in which doses of 65 ug, 650 ug, 5.8mg, and 122 mg were utilized per animal. The procedures of Example 1were used. In these experiments, the amount of radioactivity was keptconstant (100 uCi), and increasing amounts of "cold" immunoglobulin wereadded to increase the amount of protein injected. Thus, quantitiesapproximately equivalent to a standard dose, 10× standard, 100×standard, and 1000× standard, were injected. All of these concentrationsyielded similar images and similar counts over time, suggesting that thereceptors for the immunoglobulin were not saturated even at a 1000× doseschedule. Because of the absence of epitopic specificity of theimmunoglobulin preparation used, the accumulation of labeledimmunoglobulin at the site of inflammation is not due to conventionalrecognition of epitopic determinants.

EXAMPLE 4 INFLAMMATION SITE IMAGING USING NON-SPECIFIC MURINE MONOCLONALANTIBODY

Deep thigh inflammation was created in Sprague-Dawley rats as previouslydescribed above in Example 1. Twenty-four hours later, at a time wheneach animal clearly evidenced inflammation in the injected thigh, 65 ugof murine monoclonal antibody labeled with 100 uCi of either ¹²⁵ I or¹¹¹ In were injected intravenously via the tail vein. The murinemonoclonal antibodies employed in these experiments were of the IgG₁ orIgG₂ subclass and were of three epitopic specificities. The two epitopicspecificities which were used were:

1. IgG₁ or IgG₂ antibodies directed against an arsenate hapten not foundin mammalian species or bacteria.

2. IgG₁ antibodies specific for lipid A of E. coli.

In these experiments, the anti-arsenate monoclonal antibodies wereinjected into animals having either E. coli, S. aureus, or P. aeruginosainfection. The anti-E. coli monoclonal antibody was injected intoanimals bearing staphylococcal or Pseudomonas infection.

All of these labeled immunoglobulin preparations gave similar results.In all animals there appeared an image 1-4 hours post-injection, whichpeaked in intensity 24-48 hours post-injection, and disappearedcompletely by 96-120 hours. A representative experiment utilizing theIgG₁ anti-arsenate antibody in an animal with a Pseudomonas infection isshown in FIG. 3.

These studies demonstrate that a wide variety of non-specific monoclonalimmunoglobulins can be used in this method.

EXAMPLE 5 COMPARISON OF NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN IMAGING TO SPECIFICANTIBODY IMAGING

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type I deep thigh infection in Sprague-Dawleyrats was created as described above. Twenty-four hours later, 0.65 ug of¹²⁵ I-labeled monoclonal antibodies of one of two possible antigenicspecificities were injected intravenously via the tail vein. Half of theanimals were injected with a murine monoclonal IgG₁ antibody specificfor Type I P. aeruginosa. The remaining animals were injected withmurine monoclonal IgG₁ antibody specific for arsenate hapten which is anantigen not found in mammalian tissues or bacteria. The anti-arsenateantibody is thus a control preparation with no epitopic specificity forthis animal model. Serial images were taken with the gamma camera at 1,4, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours after injection of theradiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. In the first twenty-four hours theimages obtained with the specific and non-specific antibodies wereidentical with images appearing as early as 1-4 hours post-injection.However, beginning at 48 hours, the non-specific (anti-arsenate) imagebegan to fade, and had totally disappeared by 72-96 hours. In contrast,the specific (anti-P. aeruginosa ) image continued to increase inintensity, peaking at 96-120 hours, and not disappearing until 166 hourshad elapsed. Thus, it is possible to differentiate between thenon-specific accumulation of immunoglobulin at an inflammation site fromthe reaction of specific antibody with the underlying cause of theinflammatory response, by following the persistence of the image withtime. Specific antibodies remain at the inflammation site longer.

EXAMPLE 6 INFLAMMATION SITE IMAGING USING IMMUNOGLOBULIN FRAGMENT

Deep thigh inflammation was created in Sprague-Dawley rats as describedin Example 1 above. After 24 hours when each animal had clear evidenceof inflammation, they were injected with 65 ug of either ¹²⁵ I-labeledFc fragment (100 uCi), ¹²⁵ I-labeled Fab fragment (100 uCi), or ¹²⁵I-labeled polyclonal human immunoglobulin (100 uCi, Sandoglobulin^(R)).The immunoglobulin fragments were derived from a polyclonal humanimmunoglobulin preparation (Sandoglobulin®) using standard techniques.The animals were then scanned using a gamma camera as described inExample 1. It was found that while the labeled Fc fragments and labeledimmunoglobulins gave similar results, both of these preparations gaveconsiderably stronger and more sustained images than the images producedby the labeled Fab fragments. This finding further supports the factthat accumulation of immunoglobulin at the site of inflammation isunrelated to the epitopic specificity of the immunoglobulin since the Fcfragment has no epitopic binding capability.

EXAMPLE 7

Commercially available polyclonal intravenous human immunoglobulinpreparations marketed by Sandoz, Cutter, and Hyland (all licensed astherapeutic preparations) can be utilized interchangeably as imagingreagents. Localized inflammation was produced in 200 gram Sprague-Dawleyrats by the injection of 10⁸ E. coli into the left back thigh.Twenty-four hours later, 0.25 mg/kg of the test immunoglobulinpreparation, labeled with iodide-125 by the Iodogen® bead technique(100-150 uCi) was injected intravenously. Serial images were then taken4, 24, and 48 hours post-injection of the radiolabeled immunoglobulinwith a gamma camera. In all cases with each of the immunoglobulinpreparations, an image of the site of inflammation was seen 4 hourspost-injection, with an image of increasing intensity observed 24 hourspost-injection. There was no difference in the images achieved with thedifferent immunoglobulin preparations with this method of applying aradiolabel. When indium-111 is utilized as the radiolabel after couplingof diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid to the immunoglobulin, the Hylandand Sandoz immunoglobulin preparations yield distinctly better imagesthan does the Cutter preparation. These results indicate that theimaging method is effective with immunoglobulins from various sourcesand utilizing different radionuclides.

EXAMPLE 8

The non-specific immunoglobulin scan can be utilized in a variety ofinflammatory states such as those due to a variety of infectious agentsor the non-infectious inflammatory agent turpentine. In each of thesestudies, approximately 10⁸ organisms, or 0.5 cc of turpentine, wasinjected into the thigh of 100 gram Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-fourhours later, 0.25 mg/kg of a polyclonal intravenous human immunoglobulinpreparation (in all these studies the Sandoz preparation Sandoglobulin®was used) labeled with either ¹²⁵ I or ¹¹¹ In, as previously described,was injected intravenously. Images were taken with a gamma camera 4, 24,and 48 hours later. Inflammation was induced in these studies by E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteriodes fragilis, or turpentine. In allcases, imaging was observed, commensurate with the degree ofinflammation present, as early as 4 hours post-injection and withintensifying images observed 24-48 hours post-injection. These results,utilizing a non-microbial form of inflammation, different classes ofbacteria, and a fungus, demonstrate that this technique is trulynon-specific and capable of diagnosing inflammation resulting fromdiverse causes.

EXAMPLE 9

The non-specific immunoglobulin scan can detect inflammation atdifferent anatomical sites.

a. Unilateral nephrectomies were carried out in two groups of rats. Inone group, the operation was done sterilely. In the other group, thenephrectomy sites were inoculated with 10⁸ E. coli. Both groups ofanimals were injected with ¹¹¹ In-labeled Sandoglobulin® 48 hours later,with serial scans then carried out with the gamma camera. In everyinstance, scans taken 24 hours post-injection could clearly distinguishsterile post-operative surgically induced inflammation from deepsurgical wound infection.

b. Intra-abdominal abscesses were created with Bacteriodes fragilis ormixed bowel bacteria according to standard methods. Approximately 7-10days later, ¹¹¹ In-labeled Sandoglobulin® was administered intravenouslyand serial images obtained with the gamma camera. In each instance, thescans demonstrated the site of the intra-abdominal abscess.

c. Pneumocyctis carinii pneumonia is an opportunistic pneumonia observedin immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS. Earlydiagnosis, and assessment of response to therapy, particularly in thosepatients with equivocal chest x-ray, is an important clinical need.Model Pneumocyctis pneumonia was created in rats by placing them on aprotein-deficient diet and treating them with daily cortisone andtetracycline for two months. This resulted in the development ofPneumocyctis pneumonia. At a time when these animals' chest x-rays andgallium scans (the current technique employed clinically) were negative,but pathology revealed clear-cut Pneumocystis pneumonia, the ¹¹¹In-Sandoglobulin® scans were positive 24-48 hours post-injection. Whenthese animals were treated with effective anti-Pneumocystis therapy(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) repeat scans improved, commensurate withthe pathologic evidence of improvement in the pneumonia. These resultsindicate the usefulness of the method of the present invention tomonitor the response of the individual to treatment.

EXAMPLE 10

Anti-inflammatory therapies do not influence the utility of thisscanning technique. Groups of animals were pre-treated for 5-7 days withone of the following anti-inflammatory regimens: methylprednisilone, 5mg IP daily; indomethacin 10 mg/kg/day IV; and acetylsalicylic acidadministered in the drinking water to achieve a blood level of 15-25mg/liter (therapeutic levels used in treatment of humans with rheumatoidarthritis). Model thigh infection was then created with E. coli asdescribed in Example 1, and 24 hours later (while the anti-inflammatorytherapy was continued) ¹¹¹ In-labeled Sandoglobulin® was injectedintravenously, with serial scans then carried out. These studies showedno significant effect of the anti-inflammatory treatment on the imagesobtained.

EXAMPLE 11

The Fab and Fc studies described in Example 6 above were repeatedutilizing model infection created with either E. coli or Klebsiellapneumoniae. In every instance, the Fab fragment gave no images, whereasthe Fc fragment gave images similar to those obtained withimmunoglobulins. These results were identical to those seen in Example6.

EXAMPLE 12

Radiolabeled non-specific human immunoglobulin was used to imagelocalized inflammation in 15 human patients. There were no falsepositives or negatives. The technique has proven to be useful indiagnosing intramuscular infection, skeletal infection, andintra-abdominal and pelvic infection. In all these studies, a singlepolyclonal human immunoglobulin preparation has been employed,Sandoglobulin®, labeled with ¹¹¹ In after coupling withdiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid by the carboxy-carbonic anhydridemethod (Krejcarek and Tucker, Biochem. and Biophys. Res. Commun.77:581-585 (1977)). A dose of 1.9 mCi/patient was administeredintravenously with several images carried out over the 24 hourspost-injection. It should be noted in all these studies that ¹¹¹ Innon-specifically accumulates in the liver and kidney. This is a functionof the indium label, not the immunoglobulin, as shown by animal studiesin which iodine-labeled immunoglobulin does not accumulate in the liverwhereas indium-labeled immunoglobulin does.

EXAMPLE 13

A 62-year-old woman with extensive vascular disease underwent a leftfemoral artery-inferior tibial artery bypass graft on 10/31/86; on11/18/86 she underwent a right femoral-popliteal arterial bypass graft;and on 12/2/86 a thrombectomy of the right femoral artery. Over the nexttwo weeks, she had a low-grade fever, with minimal findings at heroperative site. On 12/16/86, she underwent an immunoglobulin scan whichrevealed a clear-cut accumulation in the lower portion of her rightfemoral graft (FIG. 4) of radiolabeled immunoglobulin 6 hourspost-injection of the reagent. Emergency exploration of this site thatevening revealed a mycotic aneurysm of her graft. This was removed, andgrew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this instance, the scan providedlife-saving information non-invasively with no side effects. The resultsdemonstrate the effectiveness of immunoglobulin imaging to diagnose andlocalize inflammation in the vascular wall.

EXAMPLE 14

A middle-aged woman presented with fever, lower abdominal pain, and apalpable mass on rectal examination. A computerized tomographic (CT)study of her abdomen revealed no abnormality. An immunoglobulin scanrevealed a clear-cut accumulation of radiolabeled immunoglobulin in thelower abdomen as early as 3 hours post-injection (FIG. 5). Surgicalexploration revealed a large diverticular abscess at the anatomical siteoutlined by the immunoglobulin scan.

EXAMPLE 15

A middle-aged man with longstanding regional enteritis presented withfever and tenderness in his right upper quadrant just below his liver.CT study was non-diagnostic. Initial immunoglobulin scan demonstrated aninflammatory mass just below his liver (FIG. 6a) corresponding to thesite of pain. He was treated with steroids and broad-spectrumantibiotics with resolution of his symptoms. At the completion oftherapy, a repeat immunoglobulin scan revealed no remaining area ofinflammation (FIG. 6b). Therapy was stopped, and the patient remainedwell. This result demonstrates that immunoglobulin imaging is effectivenot only as a diagnostic tool but also to determine the efficacy oftreatment.

EXAMPLE 16

A middle-aged man presented in mid-July 1986 with a left groin mass,fever, and chills of 3-4 days' duration. On 7/12/86, he underwentpercutaneous drainage of the groin mass, which yielded purulent materialthat grew small amounts of mixed bowel flora. He was treated with 7 daysof intravenous cefazolin therapy. The initial immunoglobulin scan on7/16/86 revealed a residual inflammatory mass (FIG. 7a). No furthertherapy was carried out. The patient continued to drain purulentmaterial from his left groin and to experience discomfort for the nextfour months. A repeat immunoglobulin scan on 11/5/86 revealed a moreextensive inflammatory mass in the same area (FIG. 7b). Subsequentsurgical exploration revealed an extensive inflammatory mass extendingfrom the sigmoid colon into the groin and up into the retroperitoneum.Thus, the immunoglobulin imaging technique is also effective infollowing the course of inflammation over a prolonged period.

What is new and is desired to be covered by letters patent is:
 1. Amethod of detecting an inflammation site in vivo in an individual whichcomprises:(a) administering to said individual a diagnosticallyeffective amount of an agent, wherein said agent consists essentially ofa detectably labeled immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, and saidimmunoglobulin substantially accumulates at said site when said site isinflamed, and (b) detecting said detectably labeled immunoglobulin. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin does notsubstantially accumulate at said site when said site is not inflamed. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin is monoclonallyderived.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said immunoglobulin ispolyclonally derived.
 5. The method as in any one of claims 1-4, whereinsaid detectable label is a radioactive isotope.
 6. The method of claim5, wherein said isotope is selected from the group consisting of ^(99m)Tc, ¹²³ I, ¹³¹ I, ¹¹¹ In, ⁹⁷ Ru, ⁶⁷ Cu, ⁶⁷ Ga, ⁶⁸ Ga, ⁷² As, ⁸⁹ Zr, and²⁰¹ Tl.
 7. The method as in any one of claims 1-4, wherein saiddetectable label is a paramagnetic label.
 8. The method of claim 7,wherein said paramagnetic label is selected from the group consisting of¹⁵⁷ Gd, ⁵⁵ Mn, ¹⁶² Dy, ⁵² Cr, and ⁵⁶ Fe.
 9. The method of claim 7,wherein said detecting is by magnetic resonance imaging or positronemission tomography.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein saidadministration is parenteral.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein saidparenteral administration is by intradermal, subcutaneous,intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection.
 12. The methodof claim 10, wherein said administration is by gradual perfusion. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein said gradual perfusion is by intravenousor peristaltic means.
 14. A method of detecting the underlying cause ofan inflammatory response in vivo in an individual which comprises:(a)administering to said individual a diagnostically effective amount of adetectably labeled immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, wherein saidimmunoglobulin substantially accumulates at said site when said site isinflamed; (b) imaging said individual to detect the presence of a siteof inflammation; (c) based on the presence of a site of inflammation asdemonstrated in step b, further administering to said individual adiagnostically effective amount of a detectably labeled specificantibody or a fragment thereof, wherein said detectably labeled specificantibody can bind to the underlying cause of the inflammatory response;and (d) imaging said individual to detect the presence of the detectablylabeled specific antibody or fragment thereof bound to the underlyingcause of the inflammation at the site of inflammation.
 15. The method ofclaim 14 which further comprises: treating the underlying cause of theinflammatory response therapeutically with an appropriate agent.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein said treating utilizes a therapeuticallylabeled antibody specific for said underlying cause of the inflammatoryresponse, bound to said agent.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein saidspecific antibody is monoclonally derived.
 18. The method of claim 15,wherein said specific antibody is polyclonally derived.
 19. The methodas in any one of claims 15-16, wherein said agent is a drug.
 20. Themethod as in any one of claims 15-16, wherein said agent is a lectin.21. The method of claim 20, wherein said lectin is the alpha-chain ofricin.
 22. The method as in any one of claims 15-16, wherein said agentis a toxin.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said toxin is diphtheriatoxin.
 24. The method as in any one of claims 15-16, wherein said agentis a radioactive isotope.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein saidradioactive isotope is selected from the group consisting of ¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹I, ⁹⁰ Y, ⁶⁷ Cu, ²¹⁷ Bi, ²¹¹ At, ²¹² Pb, ⁴⁷ Sc, or ¹⁰⁹ Pd.
 26. The methodas in any one of claims 15-16, wherein said agent is an antimicrobial.27. The method of claim 26, wherein said antimicrobial is selected fromthe group consisting of an anti-bacterial, an anti-fungal, ananti-viral, and an anti-parasitic.
 28. The method of claim 1 or 14,wherein said individual is a human.
 29. The method of claim 1 or 14,wherein said inflammation is a result of a microbial infection, a viralinfection, a trauma, an autoimmune process, or a tumor.